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Galileo Galilei ((:ɡaliˈlɛːo ɡaliˈlɛi); 15 February 1564〔Drake (1978, p. 1). The date of Galileo's birth is given according to the Julian calendar, which was then in force throughout the whole of Christendom. In 1582 it was replaced in Italy and several other Catholic countries with the Gregorian calendar. Unless otherwise indicated, dates in this article are given according to the Gregorian calendar.〕 – 8 January 1642), was an Italian astronomer, physicist, engineer, philosopher, and mathematician who played a major role in the scientific revolution during the Renaissance. Galileo has been called the "father of observational astronomy", the "father of modern physics",〔, (Extract of page 219 )〕 and the "father of science".〔Finocchiaro (2007).〕 His contributions to observational astronomy include the telescopic confirmation of the phases of Venus, the discovery of the four largest satellites of Jupiter (named the Galilean moons in his honour), and the observation and analysis of sunspots. Galileo also worked in applied science and technology, inventing an improved military compass and other instruments. Galileo's championing of heliocentrism and Copernicanism was controversial within his lifetime, when most subscribed to either geocentrism or the Tychonic system.〔Hannam, James. "The Genesis of Science". 2011. p329-344.〕 He met with opposition from astronomers, who doubted heliocentrism due to the absence of an observed stellar parallax.〔 The matter was investigated by the Roman Inquisition in 1615, and they concluded that it could only be supported as a possibility, not as an established fact.〔〔Sharratt (1994, pp. 127–131), McMullin (2005a).〕 Galileo later defended his views in ''Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems'', which appeared to attack Pope Urban VIII and thus alienated him and the Jesuits, who had both supported Galileo up until this point.〔 He was tried by the Inquisition, found "vehemently suspect of heresy", forced to recant, and spent the rest of his life under house arrest.〔(Finocchiaro (1997), p. 47 ).〕〔(Hilliam (2005), p. 96 ).〕 It was while Galileo was under house arrest that he wrote one of his finest works, ''Two New Sciences''. Here he summarized the work he had done some forty years earlier, on the two sciences now called kinematics and strength of materials.〔Allan-Olney (1870)〕 == Early life and family == Galileo was born in Pisa (then part of the Duchy of Florence), Italy, in 1564,〔 the first of six children of Vincenzo Galilei, a famous lutenist, composer, and music theorist, and Giulia Ammannati. Galileo became an accomplished lutenist himself and would have learned early from his father a scepticism for established authority,〔John Gribbin. ''The Fellowship: Gilbert, Bacon, Harvey, Wren, Newton and the Story of the Scientific Revolution''. The Overlook Press, 2008. p. 26〕 the value of well-measured or quantified experimentation, an appreciation for a periodic or musical measure of time or rhythm, as well as the results expected from a combination of mathematics and experiment. Three of Galileo's five siblings survived infancy. The youngest, Michelangelo (or Michelagnolo), also became a noted lutenist and composer although he contributed to financial burdens during Galileo's young adulthood. Michelangelo was unable to contribute his fair share of their father's promised dowries to their brothers-in-law, who would later attempt to seek legal remedies for payments due. Michelangelo would also occasionally have to borrow funds from Galileo to support his musical endeavours and excursions. These financial burdens may have contributed to Galileo's early fire to develop inventions that would bring him additional income. When Galileo Galilei was eight, his family moved to Florence, but he was left with Jacopo Borghini for two years. He then was educated in the Camaldolese Monastery at Vallombrosa, 35 km southeast of Florence.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Galileo Galilei」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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